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It's a shame that Cardinalfishes are so often passed over as marine aquarium specimens. It's my guess that their odd-shapes, retiring conduct, and large, all-seeing eyes must lead aquarists to consider this group as being too 'touchy' for captive use. Admittedly, the success rate in keeping these fishes is dismal; but for explainable, correctable reasons. Cardinalfishes occupy some of the same niches on the reef and in aquariums as the damsels (family Pomacentridae); biologically, they're principal forage fishes for piscivores; commercially they're plentiful, easily captured, and transport well; resulting in their being relatively inexpensive to acquire. Securing decent specimens, maintaining them in a small school, and granting them a few provisions will reward you with hardy, interesting and long-term specimens. Systematics: Cardinalfishes, family Apogonidae ("Ap-oh-gahn-id-ee") are members of the largest Order of fishes, the Perciformes. They are one of the largest families of fishes with about 27 genera and 250 species. The Cardinals are further subdivided into two families (the deepwater Epigonidae) and sub-families depending on whose taxonomic scheme you favor. Hobbyists are generally offered a half dozen members of the largest genus Apogon and the Pajama (S. orbicularis) and Blackbelt Cardinals of the genus Sphaeramia. Many Cardinalfishes are reddish in color (hence their common name) mixed with silver and white, though most species are yellow, silvery and black. All have large eyes, and are nocturnal; hiding in crevices or beneath ledges by day (typically with Squirrelfishes, Bigeyes and sweepers). These are mostly shallow water fishes, found from the surface to about 100 meters. Species of Interest/Use to Aquarists: Genus Apogon:
Genus Cheilodipterus:
Genus Pseudamia:
Genus Pterapogon:
Genus Sphaeremia: Pajamafishes.
Geographical Range Tropical marine, Atlantic, Indian and Pacific reefs; some estuarine and freshwater members (Papua New Guinea, see Allen). Size: Most to a few inches, some species to six-eight inches or more in the wild. Selection: Cardinals display little middle-ground in their quality on-arrival; they are either hardy and sure to "make it", or thrashed and "doomed" to break down and die. For reference, they share many of the same selection criteria as damselfishes. 1) Behaviorally; look closely at the group on display. They should be clustered somewhat, with none having "private parties" off in the corners of the system. Are they aware of your presence? Good. 2) Reddening: Examine the bodies of each specimen carefully, especially the insertions of unpaired fins. Do you see evidence of infection on any individual? If so, pass them by. Collecting Your Own Gathering cardinals compared to other marines is a breeze. Apogonids are easily spooked out of hiding into a carefully placed hand net. Care must be taken in not snagging their dorsal fins' spines (6-8 in the first dorsal fin, one with 8-14 soft rays in second) and anal fin (two) spines. Environmental: Conditions Habitat Cardinals hide in the netherworld of ledges and corals by day; searching the bottom for food, by night. Chemical/Physical Apogonids are about as tolerant as damselfishes; they are not demanding. Some temperate species prefer lower temperatures, but 72-78 degrees F. is fine for the group as a whole. Elevated temperatures may bring on a feeding strike and odd behavior. Higher, steady specific gravity is appreciated, closer to 1.025; maybe due to their close association with invertebrates? Cardinals will tolerate a few tens of ppm of nitrate, but little or no ammonia, nitrite. Biology/Other I'd like to mention that apogonids are an under-rated portion of the living reef's populations. Several of the hundreds of species are of large number in the wild, just not commonly encountered due to their largely nocturnal habits. Many form close associations with invertebrates, living within the spiny shelter of urchins, sea stars and more. Filtration I'd shy on making it brisk. These fishes are found in areas where the water really whips at times. Display For a really outstanding arrangement, provide a large dark shelter-space with one opening and a group of these fishes and others they are found with in the wild. The under ledge and cover sub-habitat is a rich biotope in the reef world. Behavior: Territoriality Generally not. In the wild most live in aggregations as young and adults. In captivity they only fare well in groups. Introduction/Acclimation Best put in established systems, keeping some low illumination on but subdued for a couple of days. Predator/Prey Relations Most cardinalfishes as individuals get along with their own kind, other species of apogonids and other peaceful tankmates. Large predatory fishes will inhale them like so much aqua-popcorn if they're small enough. The smaller species (some get to six inches) are strongly promoted for use in fish-only and reef-tank set-ups. They are supreme choices, being hardy and interesting; their only shortcomings being that they're shy and reclusive. Apogonids as a rule do not "sample" more than mouth-size invertebrates. Reproduction, Sexual Differentiation/Growing Your Own:
Feeding/Foods/Nutrition: Apogonids are predators on small very small fishes and mobile invertebrates, principally crustaceans. Livebearers, shrimp and other fresh and frozen meaty foods are acceptable and good starter foods to train them onto frozen processed foods; avoid pellets, flake and other dry prepared foods; these will not sustain them. If your specimens are new, refusing food, or go on a feeding strike, execute a large water change and try some live brine shrimp with the lights off on the system. Disease: Infectious, Parasitic, Nutritional, Genetic, Social These fishes are generally received external parasite free, and clean up easily with routine freshwater dips and quarantine. The usual protozoan scourges of tropical marine fishes can be handily defeated if detected early enough with standard copper remedies. Summary: Don't let the apogonids secretive, nocturnal behavior or odd appearance dissuade you from trying them. They are good aquarium specimens, whose only demands are dark shelter, meaty foods and the society of other members of their species. Bibliography/Further Reading: Allen, G.R. 1991. Field Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of New Guinea. Madang, Papua New Guinea: Christensen Research Institute. Allen G.R. 1993. Cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of three new species. Revue francaise d'Aquariologie 20:9-20. Allen G.R. 1996. The king of cardinalfishes (the Banggai cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni). TFH 5/96. Goldstein, Robert J. 1998. Breeding Banggai Cardinalfish. A true marine fish success story. AFM 7/98. Howe, Jeffrey C. 1993. Original descriptions, Apogon selas Randall and Hayashi. FAMA 2/93. Howe, Jeffrey C. 1995. Original descriptions, Pseudamia rubra Randall and Ida, 1993. FAMA 4/95. Howe, Jeffrey C. 1997. Original descriptions, Cheilodipterus persicus Gon, 1993. FAMA 8/97. Hunziker, Ray. 1990. In the shadows: an introduction to cardinalfishes. TFH 1/90. Michael, Scott 1996. The Banggai cardinalfish; a newly available species that may become too popular for its own good. AFM 8/96. Michael, Scott 1997. Cardinalfishes. Great for beginners and for small tanks. AFM 6/97. Nelson, Joseph S. Fishes of the World, 3rd Ed., 1994. Wiley & Sons. Rayner, Gary. 2000. The Banggai Cardinalfish. And bigger fish to fry. FAMA 2/00. Thresher, R.E. 1984. Reproduction in Reef Fishes. TFH Publications, Inc. NJ. Tullock, John. 1999. Environmental Aquarist. Banggai Cardinalfish alert. Aquarium Frontiers July 1999.
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