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Related FAQs: Sea Slugs,
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Snails 1, Marine Snails 2, Marine
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ID 2, Snail ID 3, Snail
ID 4, Snail
ID 6,
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ID 8, Snail
ID 9, Snail ID 10,
Snail ID 11, Snail
ID 12,
Related Articles: Abalone, Prosobranchs,
Nudibranchs, Mollusks,
Algae Control
/The Conscientious
Marine Aquarist
The Stomach-Footed Mollusks, Class
Gastropoda, Subclass Opisthobranchia
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by Bob Fenner |
Coldwater... |
Subclass Opisthobranchia, Sea Slugs, Largely are missing or have
reduced shells. Have other (chemical, biological defenses), camouflage. Comprise five living Orders:
Anaspidea (Sea Hares), Cephalaspidea (Bubble Shells and Headshield Slugs),
Notospidea (Side-Gilled Slugs), Nudibranchia (Nudibranchs) and Sacoglossa
(Sap-Sucking Slugs). Opisthobranch means "gills behind" where most of
these gastropods have their gills and anus situated (as opposed to the
Prosobranch snails with their anus and gills up front). Opisthobranchs are
hermaphroditic, both functional females and males in one body, though
cross-fertilization is the rule. Laid eggs in clusters or bands hatch out to
pelagic trochophore larvae which metamorphose into veligers, finally settling
down as miniatures of their parents. There are some 2,000 species worldwide, and
about 150 of these can be found in Hawaiian waters.
Order Anaspidea, Sea Hares: Named for their rabbit ear-like
projections called rhinophores (used for taste, current
detection), and two anterior-projecting oral tentacles. Some can swim in the water column. Herbivorous, eating
Red, Green, Brown Algae and Seagrasses. Can be dangerous in captivity if
disturbed to the point of releasing fish-repelling purple "ink"...
Family Aplysiidae: In old Hawai'i sea hares were called Kualakai
and some were cooked in an imu wrapped in ti leaves... and
consumed.
Aplysia californica, the California Sea Hare. Found
off the two Californias... Baja and the U.S.... coldwater (NOT tropical). To fifteen
inches, several pounds. At right, one being mis-offered as a tropical in a
South Carolina retail store. Below: one off of San Diego, intertidal egg
masses (resemble tangled spaghetti, can be of many colors) and large
individual left high (and moist) with a minus-tide event.
http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=aplycali |
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| Aplysia dactylomela, the Spotted Sea Hare. 3-6 inches
usually, 12 in. maximum. Shallow to 120 feet in depth. Tropical West
Atlantic. Feed on algae. Discharge purple "ink" if disturbed...
may be problematical in captive conditions. Two photographed at night off
of Cozumel. |
 
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| Petalifera ramosa. To 2 cm. S. Japan to Indonesia.
Usually found on Caulerpa. Here on the substrate in N. Sulawesi. |
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Order Cephalaspidea, the Headshield Slugs: Worldwide, often have
shells (often reduced, internal), often with operculums. Burrowing marine forms
mainly that eat bristleworms, other worms, foraminiferans, bivalves,
snails. Named for wedge-shaped heads that many use to plow through the
sand, just below its surface.
| Chelidonura inermis, the Striped Sea Slug. San Diego
coastal image. |

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| Chelidonura varians Eliot 1903, THE Flatworm Eating
Sea Slug! Tropical Indo-West Pacific. To seven cm. in length. This one off
of Heron Island, Queensland, Australia. |
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| Philinopsis gardineri (Eliot 1903). Likely feed on
polychaete (bristle) worms rather than opisthobranchs. One in N. Sulawesi. |

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Family Bullidae: Bubble Snails/Headshield Slugs.
| Bulla striata, the Striate Bubble. Tropical West
Atlantic. 1- 1 1/2" |
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Order Notospidea: Sidegill Slugs. May have a shell inside the body,
outside, or absent entirely. The group is named for the location of their large
plume-like feathery gills (between their mantle and foot on the right side of
the body). Nutritionally their grazing
carnivores, preying on sponges, sea squirts and other bottom-dwelling
invertebrates, even fishes, with their large radulas and wide jaws. They are
rarely preyed upon due to the release of self-produced sulfuric acid when
bothered.
| Pleurobranchis grandis. Indo-West Pacific; Red Sea,
Philippines, Australia. To 21 cm. in length. Variable in color; typically
with three reddish bands. N. Queensland, Austr. pic of two. and one
eating a soft coral of the family Alcyoniidae in N. Sulawesi. |
 
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Order Sacoglossa: Sap-Sucking Slugs. Specialized feeders on algae,
mainly seaweeds in shallow waters (Common name for having a radula of one
row of piercing teeth for suctorial feeding on algae... whose chloroplasts they
sometimes retain and use for solar-powered sources of sugars). Shelled and shell-less/slug-like. Elysia,
Alderia, Berthelina.
| Elysia (Tridachia) crispata, the
Lettuce Sea Slug (not a Nudibranch), may be brown, green or yellow in
general coloration. Needs live rock, algal growth for food. Take care to
screen pump intakes as this animal is often sucked into them. To 1 1/2
inches in length. Aquarium and Bonaire photos. |
 
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| Elysia diomedea, Mexican Dancer. Bears black and
yellow lines on the frilled parapodial folds. Sea of Cortez to Panama. To
2 inches in length. This one off of Cabo San Lucas. |

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| Elysia expansa. W. Australia, Indonesia. To 3 cm.
Here in N. Sulawesi. |
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| Elysia ornata (Swainson 1840), known to
science as the Ornate Sap-Sucking Slug. This genus is often sold to aid
in the control of marine aquarium algae overgrowth, particularly Bryopsis. Much easier to control
such outbreaks by limiting nutrients, providing competitors for light,
food, using more generalized herbivores. To about an inch and a half
in length. |

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Genus Thuridilla: 13 species, 11 Indo-Pacific.
| Thuridilla lineolata. Indonesia. To 2 cm. N.
Sulawesi pic. |
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| Thuridilla undula, Gosliner 1995. Blue
bodied, with black and orange markings.
S. Sulawesi pic. |
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| Thuridilla sp. N. Sulawesi pic. |
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Order
Nudibranchia- Naked-gill sea slugs
Bibliography/Further Information:
The Sea Slug Forum (great
online scientific resource)
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